No More Money for Incompetent Flood Control
Vote No on Proposition A
Oct. 31, 2024
The Harris County Flood Control District is asking county voters for a property tax increase to raise an extra $100 million a year for maintenance operations. The increase would nearly double Flood Control’s annual budget (p. 80), not including the money from the $2.5 billion bond program approved by voters in 2018.
We’ve been monitoring the agency for ten years. Here’s why the vote on Flood Control’s Proposition A should be NO.
A Unique Agency. Little Authority. Destructive Maintenance Practices. Private Profit
First of all, it’s important to note that Flood Control, the only agency of its kind in the state, has very limited responsibility. It does not manage flooding throughout the county and has no regulatory powers. Flood Control only has authority over our local bayous and creeks. And with little else to do, they have gouged out, straightened and stripped most of our streams of natural vegetation, turning them into ditches and concrete channels. Unfortunately this only increases flooding and erosion, as many experts point out. (p. 155) The agency, which bizarrely misrepresents the causes of Houston’s flooding and dismisses effective non-engineering solutions, is not responsible for storm sewers, street or neighborhood flooding. And these new funds are not for useful new projects, like a stormwater detention basin. This money is exclusively for “maintenance.”
But Flood Control’s so-called “maintenance” of our streams and channels is not only outdated and backwards: it’s also damaging, destructive, ineffective, pointless, and possibly corrupt. The main benefit is to the private engineering contractors (rarely if ever hydrologists or scientists) who do the (beneficial) analysis and then the work and reap millions in profits. Over and over again.
Not to mention that these private engineering reports have been filled with errors that happen to justify their contracts: exaggerating the amount of sediment deposited in streams and misrepresenting the causes of local flooding (see below), among other major mistakes, including the bizarre claim in the past that there’s no sandstone and no vertical bank collapse, i.e. slumping, in Buffalo Bayou, which is actually what happens.
Clearing Debris
For example, contractors are paid by the pound to collect woody debris in and along the stream after storms. Thus motivated they cut down healthy trees, scrape the banks and bottom with backhoes, grab fallen trees that should be left against the bank to provide habitat and defend against erosion. All of this destabilizes the banks and bottom, leading to more maintenance contracts. It is hugely damaging to the ecosystem, killing creatures and vital habitat and ruining the natural system that slows and absorbs stormwater, cleanses the water and air, and keeps life flowing.
Dredging or Mining Sand?
Dredging streams can make flooding worse and cause more siltation. (See also here and here and here.) Left alone, streams naturally flush out sand and sediment, distributing it along the bank where it needs to go. But Flood Control’s stream dredging operations are not only counterproductive. They appear to be basically an undercover sand mining operation – in a world where valuable sand is in short supply.
Bend Fall Down
Over the River Through the Woods
Plus:
A Geology Study of Buffalo Bayou
Zombie Memorial Groves in Memorial Park – Comment and Petition
Flood Control Proposes a Tax Increase
Oct. 7, 2024
The massive loblolly pine was lying across the path in the bayou woods. A regal giant downed by the monster winds of Hurricane Beryl. It was a profoundly sad sight.
We hadn’t been to the woods in this part of Houston’s Memorial Park since the storm in July. We were there to take our seasonal fall photo of that bend in the bayou from a high bank located off the Picnic Loop in the southeast side of the park. You can see the entire series of photos here. We’ve been documenting the bend from the same spot throughout the seasons for the last ten years – ever since Save Buffalo Bayou was founded to protect this stretch of the river, one of the only remaining natural stretches of the bayou’s riparian forest accessible to the public.
Because that broad-based effort was successful in stopping the bulldozing and landscaping of the park’s banks, the geologic history of the region is still visible. Using as a foundation the work of our board member, geologist Tom Helm, the Houston Geological Society has recently published a paper on that geology.
We entered the woods, passing by the familiar pile of century-old cement sewer line junk from Camp Logan. The first shock was the amount of vegetation that had been cleared – by the storm and by humans. Now we could easily see into the open right-of-way where poles and power lines traverse the park from east to west.
The woods were not exactly lush. We’ve had record heat and violent weather. Before Beryl ripped through in July, we had a nightmarish derecho in May. The region is still in a state of abnormally hot and dry weather.
But as we stepped down the soft sandy path just after sunrise, the woods were surprisingly cool.
We took some photos and walked east towards the lovely winding creek that drains from the center of the park, flowing under Memorial Drive south towards the bayou. Its mouth where it enters the river was stuffed with debris – branches and bits of trash.
Zombie Groves Planned for Memorial Park Forest
At least we still have these wild woods for now.
But the 2015 Master Plan for our city’s great Memorial Park includes a deeply unpopular project that many assumed had been cast aside. Apparently it’s still alive. But you can sign a petition opposing it here.
State Flood Plan Moves Forward
Thousands of Projects, Billions of Dollars
Also: Corps of Engineers Seeking Comments on Dams Master Plan
August 27, 2024
Incorporating changes suggested by public comments, the Texas Water Development Board has officially adopted the state’s first comprehensive flood plan. The massive plan, developed over the past several years by hundreds of volunteers working in fifteen regional groups around the state, will be sent to the legislature by Sept. 1.
The goals of the flood plan are to identify where flooding occurs, reduce that flooding and/or remove people and critical structures from those areas, educate people about flooding and give warnings when flooding is going to occur. The process will continue every five years.
The plan is estimated to cost $54.5 billion, of which nearly half, $24 billion, is for the Galveston Bay Surge Protection Plan, otherwise known as the Ike Dike, and related projects. A significant amount of cost is to be paid through the state’s Flood Infrastructure Fund. (p. 8)
Among the suggested changes adopted by the board (p. 5 ) were recommendations by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department urging the board to educate the public and clarify that “flooding is a natural occurrence and can be necessary to maintain the natural hydrology of rivers and streams and is a necessary part of the life history of some fish and other aquatic natural resources.”
The plan is divided into “flood management evaluations,” “flood mitigation projects,” and “flood management strategies.”
Houston is in Region 6, the San Jacinto Region, named after our natural drainage watershed. It has by far the largest and costliest programs: $32.9 billion in projects and strategies, including $24 billion for the coastal plan, and $905.4 million in evaluations. (p. 4)
The Region 6 projects ranked at the top by the state board include $20 million for further study by the Harris County Flood Control District of the proposed stormwater tunnel along Buffalo Bayou and $500,000 to look at City of Houston properties that could be turned into stormwater detention basins.
Among the Region 6 projects are City of Houston drainage (flood mitigation) projects in the Fifth Ward, Pleasantville, Kashmere Gardens, and Sunnyside. These include proposals for new storm sewer trunklines, a detention pond, regrading roadside ditches, driveway culvert replacement, inlet replacement and constructing green stormwater infrastructure.
The proposed improvements will increase the size of the existing storm sewer lines, which will reduce the risk of excessive street ponding and structural flooding, according to the plan. (Note that temporary street ponding is normal, a built-in result of curb-and-gutter drainage systems, something commonly misunderstood. Temporary ponding in roadside ditches is normal too – but at least you can still walk and bike and drive down the street.)
The plan also proposes funding for channelizing streams and building detention ponds in Galveston County and Friendswood, which also include Harris County Flood Control District projects there and elsewhere.
For more background on the plan see our report from June.
Master Land Use Plan for Addick and Barker Reservoirs. Comment through Sept. 18
On Aug. 19 the Galveston District of the US Army Corps of Engineers held an in-person open house providing information and an opportunity for public comment on its Master Plan for Addicks and Barker Reservoirs on upper Buffalo Bayou in far west Houston. The public meeting had been postponed from July due to hurricane Beryl. Unfortunately, we were unable to attend.
The Master Plan deals only with land use and environmental issues, “including recreational, natural and cultural resources.” (p. 2) It is part of the agency’s obligation under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). (p. 10) It does not address dam operations, water releases, etc.
Both reservoirs are normally dry and contain public parks. The 7,800-acre George Bush Park in Barker Reservoir south of Interstate 10 is one of the largest parks in Harris County. North of Interstate 10 Bear Creek Park in Addicks Reservoir is 2154.6 acres. Buffalo Bayou flows through Barker Reservoir and streams flowing through Addicks Reservoir, including South Mayde Creek, Bear Creek, and Langham Creek, empty into Buffalo Bayou. Both parks are administered by Harris County Precinct 4.
Here is the presentation provided by the Corps. Note that according to the Corps’ website the plan is a “revision” of the existing master plan, which is “out of date because it is no longer compliant with current regulations.” At this time the Corps says there are no proposed changes to the plan. (p. 12)
However, the Corps took comments at the public presentation and will be accepting public comments on the plan through Sept. 18.
The Corps is requesting written comments for recommended changes to the existing plan. Possible changes to the Revised Master Plan could include, according to the Corps:
- Change Land Classification
- Change Resource Goals and Objectives
- Create Utility Corridors
To comment on the Master Plan, send an email to ceswg-addicksandbarkermp@usace.army.mil
Comments may also be mailed to USACE: David Mackintosh, Chief, Houston Project Office, 1011 Highway 6 South, Suite 101, Houston, Texas 77077
The Corps says the public may also call the Lake Office to ask questions regarding the Master Plan revision at 281-752-2600.
The draft master plan is expected to be completed by July 2025, at which time there will be another 30-day comment period.
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Hot Summer on the Bayou
Raindrops Falling on Our Heads
June 24, 2024
It was a misty morning just after dawn. The summer solstice had occurred at 3:50 p.m. the day before. The drive along the Picnic Loop in Houston’s Memorial Park was so darkly lush and green it was almost unrecognizable. The sandy footpath through the bayou woods was mucky. The shadowy woods were wet, the trees and bushes dripping. A squirrel shook a branch overhead and showered us with sparkling raindrops. We laughed. We were headed to that spot on the high bank overlooking Buffalo Bayou to take our summer photo of the bend. (See the entire series throughout the seasons of the last ten years.)
The muddy river was flowing slightly above base flow at around 750 cubic feet per second. But stopping at one of our usual vantage points, we could hardly see the water through the thicket of greenery. Also, the photographer had slightly miscalculated the sunrise. Rather than arriving late as usual with the sun rising and shining high overhead, we were too early. The sun was lingering behind the trees.
So we amused ourselves observing a blue damselfly, checking out the still green beautyberries, and listening to the songs of the cardinals, wrens, and cicadas overhead. We slid-stepped down the sandy bank to the nearby creek to watch the clear stream trickling slowly towards the bayou. A small ghostly-white sycamore had fallen. No sign of wild chives or violets on the banks. Likely it was too late in the season. But we did see an abundance of feathery foxtail, sedges, and dayflowers.
Eventually the sun began peeking through and over the tangled woods, lighting up the opposite bank of bayou.
We couldn’t help but think about how hot the previous summer had been, and how hot and humid this summer is already. Last year was the hottest year on record for Houston and the world. This year is likely to be even hotter.
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First State Flood Plan Draft Released
Comments due by June 17
June 14, 2024
Hundreds of Texans have been volunteering their time and expertise in the last several years to analyze flooding in Texas and come up with solutions. They found that there’s a lot of flooding, that there’s a lot they don’t know, and that most of the people and buildings, including critical facilities like hospitals, will still be at risk even after implementing recommended flood projects. (p. 217)
Out of a total population of 30 million people in Texas, nearly 6 million live in flood hazard areas. Almost a third of those live in the Houston region. (pp. 99-100) These are some of the findings included in the draft of the state’s first flood plan recently issued by the Texas Water Development Board.
Notably, the planners could not determine the functionality of some 1.3 million existing flood infrastructure features, both natural and constructed, such as dams. (p. 26)
The draft plan is heavy on structural solutions such as channelizing streams and building stormwater detention ponds. Non-structural solutions include buying and preserving land for natural stormwater detention, removing people and buildings from a floodplain, conservation easements, and more.
The flood planning project was set up in 2019 by the state legislature, which divided the state into fifteen regions based on watersheds. The Houston metropolitan area is in Region 6, known as the San Jacinto Region. It extends from Galveston Bay to Huntsville in the north. Members include 15 voting members representing municipalities, the environment, water and electric utilities, industries, agriculture, and more; plus 11 non-voting members drawn from various public agencies such as Texas Parks and Wildlife, the Houston Galveston Area Council, and Port Houston.
The goals of the flood plan are to identify where flooding occurs, reduce that flooding and/or remove people and critical structures from those areas, educate people about flooding and give warnings when flooding is going to occur. The planning groups delivered their regional plans to the board in January 2023. The first state flood plan is to be delivered to the legislature by Sept. 1, 2024. The process will continue every five years.
Region 6 has the highest population living in flood hazard areas and by far the highest number of critical facilities (hospitals, emergency medical services, fire and police stations and schools) in flood hazard areas. (pp. 100-101) However, the most vulnerable communities are in the far west of the state and along the border.
The Region 6 projects ranked at the top by the state board include $20 million for further study by the Harris County Flood Control District of the proposed stormwater tunnel along Buffalo Bayou and $500,000 to look at City of Houston properties that could be turned into stormwater detention basins. Oddly the draft plan recommends $30,000 for a Benefit/Cost Analysis for a detention basin on Clear Creek that is already underway. (p. 6) In fact, there will be a virtual public meeting about the Clear Creek detention basin on June 20 at 6:30 p.m.
The top recommended flood mitigation project, and the most costly, is the $24 billion Galveston Bay Surge Protection Plan, also known as the Coastal Texas Project. (p. 90)
Region 6 has only half a dozen projects considered nature-based or non-structural, most of them proposed by the Coastal Prairie Conservancy, formerly known as the Katy Prairie Conservancy. These include projects to restore coastal prairie (p. 90), preserve floodplain and restore habitat on Willow Creek (p. 106) and Mound Creek and restore agricultural and natural land along headwater streams flowing into Barker Reservoir. (p. 144) Harris County has asked for funding to help owners move out of flood prone areas (p. 128) and both Brazoria County and League City have submitted projects to buyout and remove property from floodplains, turning the land into recreation areas. (p. 131)
Recommended studies also include examining neighborhood flood risk on the San Jacinto River, Brays, White Oak, and Sims bayous; Spring, Cypress, and Clear creeks; and Addicks and Barker reservoirs.
Notably the City of San Antonio, which is not in Region 6, is doing a study of the benefits of nature-based flood management.
Because several planning groups “noted challenges” in incorporating nature-based components in their flood-risk reduction plans, the “TWDB is implementing a flood priority research project (expected to be completed April 2025) to consolidate guidance on the use of nature-based flood mitigation solutions into a single, statewide manual for Texas.” (p. 245)
Other difficulties the planning groups encountered were calculating benefit-cost and low-public participation.
The draft plan noted that Harris County has no floodplain regulation and the City of Houston has little or none. (pp. 142-143)
The Texas Water Development Board is seeking public feedback on the draft plan. The board is accepting comments until 5 p.m. on June 17. To comment on the draft flood plan, go here.
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What’s that Munching Sound?
Spring on that Bend in the Bayou
April 28, 2024
(Updated May 1, 2024. Errors identifying caterpillars are solely the fault of the editor.)
We were standing on that high bank in the woods of Memorial Park looking up and down at Buffalo Bayou flowing round the bend, preparing to take our spring photo for our years-long series documenting the same bend in the bayou through the seasons. The muddy river was rolling slowly at about 200 cubic feet per second, slightly above its very low normal flow of about 150 cfs.
The woods seemed a little thin still for springtime. Skeletal branches stuck their dark, woody fingers in front of us, likely victims of the severe drought last summer and fall followed by the hard winter freeze.
Down by the sweet, winding creek that empties into the bayou slightly downstream, a tall sweetgum had fallen across the stream, still festooned with ropes for swinging and climbing.
But what was that munching sound? We looked around, looked closely. We were surrounded by an army of hairy white caterpillars, gnawing their way through the leaves of just about everything, young box elder and ash. On the sandy trail a fuzzy black one inched along, testing, tasting anything In its path.
Some of them appeared to be fall webworm caterpillars, according to bug and butterfly expert Nancy Greig, founding director of the Cockrell Butterfly Center at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Others were salt marsh caterpillars. They would soon wrap themselves in a cocoon, spend a week or more metamorphosing, and emerge as moths, pale white or yellow, wet in the wings. After drying out for a few hours, if they survive the birds and other predators waiting for them, they might live for a few months, until they lay eggs, starting the cycle all over again, and die.
Kinda confusing. What’s the point? Other than providing sustenance to other creatures.
But then, what’s the point of us?
Greig wasn’t sure why this spring seemed to be “completely crazy” with caterpillars. But she was sure they were eating up her backyard cabbages, artichoke, mullein, and Dutchman’s pipevine.
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Why Houston Floods, According to Flood Control
It Rains a Lot! What Can Flood Control Do?
March 3, 2024
For years the Harris County Flood Control District has been giving public presentations that include a slide purporting to explain “Why is Harris County Flood Prone.”
According to Flood Control, the reasons Harris County floods are:
- It rains a lot.
- The landscape is flat.
- Soil doesn’t soak up the rain fast enough.
Strangely missing from this list is arguably the number one cause of flooding in our city: it’s covered in concrete, asphalt, and roofs, otherwise known as impervious surface. (p. 182-183) That means artificial hard stuff that doesn’t allow the rain to soak into the ground but instead increases runoff, sending stormwater really fast into our streets and overwhelming our drainage systems, natural and built. The built city also absorbs a lot of heat, influencing rain patterns, among other problems. (See “Cities Depaving for a Cooler Future.”)
Here are a few further references for the role of impervious surface in Houston’s flooding:
Houston’s Urban Sprawl Increased Rainfall, Flooding During Hurricane Harvey
Houston’s Flood is a Design Problem
The Rapid Urbanization of Houston: How It Happened and Why It Matters
Why Not Mention Impervious Surface?
We asked Flood Control why their explanation doesn’t include impervious surface. A representative graciously responded:
“You are correct that impervious surfaces are a cause of flooding in our area. However, in our ‘Why is Harris County Flood Prone’ slide we are focusing primarily on the sources of flooding that our capital and maintenance projects can directly address. As you know the Flood Control District does not have regulatory authority over development and the amount of impervious surface added each year.”
Well, true. But the slide is about the reasons Harris County floods, not what Flood Control can do about it. And the flood control district doesn’t have authority over rainfall or the topography or soil type either.
But what about Flood Control’s claim that the landscape is flat and covered in “clay soils that do not soak up excess rainfall quickly”? Actually since most of it is covered in impervious surface, these points would almost seem irrelevant. But they are also not exactly true.
Is the Houston Region Really Flat? Not So Much
A 2022 study from the University of Texas confirmed what anyone who grew up around here already knows: the seemingly flat landscape is in fact sculpted with numerous sloping hills carved out by the many branching channels, otherwise known as gullies or creeks, that feed into our major streams, such as Buffalo Bayou.
Changes in the New Year
That Bend in Winter. Happy Trails!
Jan. 8, 2024
The piles of tree trunks, forbidding wire and “No Entry” signs are gone! What a delight to see that, after more than four years, the entrance to the trails through the bayou woods on the southeast side of Memorial Park is now open.
The sandy paths through the enchanting wild woods, regularly cleared by anonymous volunteers, were used by park lovers anyway. Hikers and runners have been scrambling over stacks of logs and wire fencing. The “unofficial” trails appear in grey on the parks’ trail map. They connect to the green and blue trails.
It’s true that high banks on the bayou should be treated with caution and respect. Not so much because they are dangerous but because putting weight on the bank stresses our vertically slumping banks.
We were there to take our winter photo of that Bend in the River, part of our seasonal series documenting the same bend for almost ten years now. As usual, the sun rose faster than we did. But miraculously, with a helping hand, we were still able to get decent shot.
The Memorial Park Conservancy is the private nonprofit organization the runs our great public park. We asked them for comment on the removal of the obstructions and signs but have not yet received a response. According to a frequent user of the trails, the obstacles apparently were removed within the past month.
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Ditch Mystery Solved
Origin of False Idea That Property Owners Must Maintain Open Stormwater Ditches
Plus: Earthen Ditches Still Way Better Than Concrete Curbs, Buried Pipes
Nov. 15, 2023
A big misunderstanding about who’s responsible for maintaining open stormwater ditches in Houston is still flowing around. We figured out the source. So maybe it’s time to clear it up.
The City of Houston has always been responsible for digging out, de-silting and regrading thousands of miles of roadside drainage ditches within the city. But for years now the idea has been circulating that due to a policy change some twenty years ago, the City stopped doing this. This alleged new policy supposedly left property owners with the extraordinary burden and expense of having to hire heavy equipment and properly scrape out ditches that, like underground pipes, connect to a community drainage system.
This is false and absurd on its face. But it’s an idea that refuses to die, repeated uncorrected in our leading local news media, cited over and over again. Circulating along with it is the false idea that humble earthen ditches are less effective than costly curb and gutter systems draining into buried concrete pipes. Wrong.
Based on this false idea, journalists even mis-reported an attempt by City Council to change this alleged policy. (Not giving links in the interest of decorum.) It’s possible though that not even the mayor and city council members are fully informed about this situation, although individual council members have discretionary budgets to spend restoring ditches in their districts through the City’s Stormwater Action Teams.
Truth Confirmed by Director of Public Works
So finally we deduced what actually happened back in 2001. And our conclusion was verified by the director of Public Works herself, Carol Haddock, at an October conference on flooding sponsored by the Severe Storm Prediction, Education, and Evacuation from Disasters (SSPEED) Center of Rice University. Haddock, an engineering graduate of Rice, was a little miffed that our leading media refuse to correct this issue. So we’ll do it, without naming any names.
What happened back in 2001 was that the City instituted the 311 Service Helpline system, a “consolidated call center designed to make city government more user-friendly and responsive.” Citizens were to call 311 anytime of the day or week to report any problems “from traffic fines and sewer concerns to pothole problems and neighborhood complaints.” (See also here.)
At the same time, the City apparently stopped regularly sending out teams to inspect drainage ditches, relying instead on citizen reports. Or, as Haddock told the conference, the system “changed to being reactive rather than proactive.” However, the City was still responsible for grading and desilting clogged ditches, including driveway culverts, reported by citizens. This process generally requires heavy equipment like a backhoe as well as calculation of flow direction, and so on.
After several years of much publicized and largely inaccurate concerns about open ditch maintenance, the City in August 2023 reinstituted its regular inspection program. (p. 7)
This was not changing maintenance responsibility from property owners to the City. It was reestablishing inspection teams. The City, once again, has always had the responsibility of grading and desilting stormwater ditches. Property owners are responsible for raking out light debris, leaves, trash, Frito bags, etc. (See also p. 6)
Open Ditches More Effective. Streets Flood with Buried Pipes
Houston, as well as unincorporated areas and independent municipalities within the city, has earthen drainage ditches in neighborhoods rich and poor all over the place. (Think wealthy Memorial Villages, Tanglewood etc.) Open ditches are, in fact, more effective, carrying ten times the volume of rainwater than underground concrete pipes. They are cheaper to build and maintain, more ecological, in essence a form of nature-based flood management helping to absorb, disperse, and cleanse stormwater. (See also here.)
Yes, rain can pond in open ditches for hours. That’s normal. Stormwater also backs up from underground pipes and fills streets lined with concrete curbs. That’s normal too, part of the design. Which would you prefer? A flooded street or a rain-filled roadside ditch? Residents clamoring to replace their grass-lined, frog-filled open ditches with concrete curbs and buried pipes may be surprised to find out that the street in front of their house will now flood.
The federal Environmental Protection Agency actually recommends replacing curb-and-gutter systems with open ditches. Among other things, curb-and-gutter systems are more likely to promote mosquitos.
But locally tens of millions of dollars are being spent to replace open ditches with concrete curbs and gutters.
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Indigenous People on Buffalo Bayou and Beyond
“The Atakapa-Ishak are not extinct”
Reposting Nov. 13, 2023, in Honor of Native American Heritage Month
Oct. 11, 2021
Updated Oct. 13, 2021
Thousands of years before land speculators like the Allen Brothers arrived in 1836 or slave traders Jim Bowie and Jean Lafitte set up shop on Galveston Island around 1817 or even the Spanish conquistador Cabeza de Vaca shipwrecked on the island in 1528, there were people living around Buffalo Bayou and the prairies, forests, rivers, and bays of the Texas Gulf Coast.
At least 13,500 years ago, predecessors of the Akokisa people were living in what is now coastal Texas. At the time the coast, along with major rivers flowing across it, extended a hundred miles further out, land and channels now covered by water. Sea level then was hundreds of feet lower.
But inland, Buffalo Bayou and other rivers and streams were flowing along the same winding, forested paths that now carry their waters to the gulf (unless they’ve been stripped and channelized). Incised into the landscape by the drainage of the sea at the end of the last glaciation period some 20,000 years ago (no glaciers in Texas), “basically these rivers and creeks are where they were in the late Pleistocene (some 12,000-20,000 years ago),” said geologist/author Dan Worrall at a recent talk on the lifeways of the Akokisa at the Houston Botanic Garden.
We know this in part because Early Paleoindian Native American artifacts have been found along the banks, showing that the streams were there at least 13,000 years ago, he said.
Living Well on the Land
The Akokisa were a branch of the Atakapa-Ishak, who lived (and still live) along the upper coast of southeast Texas and southwestern Louisiana. The Atakapa spoke a unique language that was distinct from the Karankawa, for example, the people who lived further down the coast. Like the Karankawa, the Atakapa were divided into different groups, communities organized in large part around the different river basins.
Around 1700, the native people of southeast Texas were thought to number some 4,000-5,000. But by 1800 the Atakapa population in Texas had suffered a catastrophic collapse, largely due to disease brought by Europeans. Spanish missionaries tried to teach them agriculture, despite the fact that the native people were healthy and thriving, doing just fine hunting and gathering a rich, varied diet, and lightly managing the prairies and forests with controlled burning. (In fact recent research shows that Native Americans were healthier before the introduction of agriculture.)
“They lived on the land very well,” said Worrall.
Worrall’s big new book, A Prehistory of Houston and Southeast Texas: Landscape and Culture, documents in extensive technical detail the evolution of the landscape and the people who lived here long before European settlement.
The Akokisa and their predecessors ate seasonally and locally, of course: oysters and clams, alligators, turtles, and fish, seabird eggs, wild grapes and berries, persimmons, pecans and acorns, the tuberous roots of cattails, arrowheads, and greenbriar, among many other flowers and plants, edible and medicinal. They left behind vast middens of shells and fish bones. As well as bison kill sites along creeks and bayous.
In the fall and winter they moved inland to hunt bison and deer on their traditional hunting grounds on the Katy Prairie at the headwaters of Buffalo Bayou in what is now northwest Harris County. The bison migrated seasonally during the winter from the interior Texas plains, moving through the tallgrass prairie on their way south to the coast to graze on the lush salt grass (except during dry periods, points out Worrall).
Buffalo Bayou, along with other bayous and streams, was surrounded then by vast riparian and flatland forests, particularly extensive north of the bayou. European settlers in the nineteenth century cut down much of the timber to create cropland on the fertile floodplains. Beyond the forest to the south of the bayou was tallgrass prairie. Further to the west there was prairie and savannah dotted with oak trees.
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