But What Causes Urban Flooding?
July 12, 2016
Steve Costello explained for probably the hundredth time or more that he is not really the flood czar of Houston but the chief resilience officer.
The soft-spoken Costello, a civil engineer, former member of the Houston City Council (serving six years), former president and current board member of the Memorial Park Conservancy, and former candidate for mayor of Houston, was speaking at a meeting of the Briar Forest Super Neighborhood in west Houston a few weeks ago. Buffalo Bayou runs through the Briar Forest Super Neighborhood.
Appointed by Mayor Sylvester Turner in early May, Costello has been making the rounds, speaking at public meetings, attending others, such as the highly emotional town hall meeting with US Rep. John Culberson in June. Costello also has been giving interviews. Recently he flew off to Washington D.C. with the mayor and members of the Houston City Council to meet with officials of the Army Corps of Engineers about a multi-billion dollar plan to dredge and deepen Lake Houston in order to enlarge its capacity and alleviate flooding in northeast Harris County. Lake Houston is a major source of Houston’s drinking water.
But back in late June he was explaining to the Briar Forest crowd of about twenty-five neighborhood activists that while his sole mission was to do something about flooding, and his wife liked the idea of being a czarina, really he was the chief resilience officer. The concept, he explained, was a response to the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities project. Mayor Annise Parker had applied to the program for funding and support for a resilience officer, who would have focused not just on flooding but also on broader social issues like unemployment and transportation. Mayor Turner decided he wanted to focus on drainage and flooding, and the Rockefeller Foundation decided not to fund a position for Houston, said Costello.
No Staff and No Budget
As a result, Costello answers his own phone and emails himself. He has no staff. Apparently he has no funds or budget. (He also said in a later email exchange that he wasn’t sure where the funds for his salary were coming from and didn’t answer how much he was being paid.) Yet he has been bravely handing out his card, offering his cell phone number and email to myriad people in a city drowning in outrage and misery over increasing and repeated flooding, lost homes, cars, property, savings, and lives.
Harris County One of the Most Flooded Places in the Country
We know that Houston has a flooding problem, and that flood damages are increasing, despite the hundreds of millions if not billions of federal, county, and city tax dollars being spent on flood control and drainage.
According to a May 18, 2016, report from the Associated Press, since 1998 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has paid more than $3 billion in today’s dollars for flood losses in metropolitan Houston. Altogether since the late 1970s FEMA has paid more for flood damage to Harris County than to any place in the country outside New Orleans and two Louisiana parishes struck by Hurricane Katrina. (Critics complain the federal agency’s flood insurance program is unjustifiable and financially unsustainable.)
The year 2015 appears to be the second most costly year, after Tropical Storm Allison in 2001, in terms of federal funds paid to renters and owners of homes and businesses in Harris County for flood damage. (Figures for comparison include only local storms between 1978 and 2010, though between 2010 until 2015 storms were relatively minor.) As of November 30, 2015, the federal government had paid about $333 million for 6,354 claims under the National Flood Insurance Program in 2015. (See page 18.)
But 2016 may turn out to be more costly. FEMA received more than 8,000 claims from the April 2016 Tax Day flooding, according to the Associated Press. A more recent Houston Chronicle article reported that the latest estimates submitted to the Texas Department of Public Safety from Harris County indicate more than 11,200 homes were affected by spring storms, with more than $44 million in damage to public infrastructure. Not to mention the tens of thousands of cars damaged by flooding.
And how much has been spent on flood control projects?
Since 1998 through Fiscal Year 2016, Congress has appropriated $702.737 million in federal funds for flood control projects on Brays, Hunting, White Oak, Sims, Clear Creek, and Greens bayous in Harris County. (See pages 48-50.) These figures do not include sums such as the $72 million appropriated for repair of the Barker and Addicks dams on Buffalo Bayou.
In Fiscal Year 2015 the overall budget for the Harris County Flood Control District was $66 million for maintenance and operations and $158 million for Capital Improvement Projects, a total of $224 million, which includes some federal funds. The District’s FY 2016-17 Capital Improvement budget is $66 million. The flood control district employs 341 full-time employees. (See page 8.)
So What Is Our Flooding Problem?
Good question, and one that is being asked all over the country. It appears that little research has been done on the subject. But as a result of legislation authored by Illinois Senator Dick Durbin and Rep. Mike Quigley, FEMA will now be conducting a national study on urban flooding. This was prompted by a study in Illinois that found that 92 percent of Illinois flooding was occurring outside of mapped floodplains.
Similarly, in Houston, during the Memorial Day 2015 flooding, for instance, over one-third of the 10,250 houses that reported flood damage were outside any mapped floodplain or known flood hazard area, according to a report from the Harris County Flood Control District at the Spring 2016 conference of the Texas Association of Floodplain Managers. (See graph on page 9 and below.)
Maybe Houston needs to do its own study? That’s what the city of Pensacola, Florida, did after catastrophic flooding in 2014, according to a report from Dave Fehling on Houston Public Media. Pensacola set up a commission, a joint city-county Storm Water Advisory Team, that held public meetings and came up with specific, practical recommendations.
Flooding outside of flood hazard areas would seem to be a drainage problem. Runoff, impervious surface, detention, ponding, subsidence, blocked drains, poor maintenance, pipes too small, pipes broken, streets too low, too many roads, highways, and parking lots; houses, apartments, buildings built in the wrong place or what has become the wrong place; not enough rain-absorbing, cleansing, and deflecting trees and vegetation, etc. Drainage is the responsibility of the City of Houston, not Harris County or the federal government.
Drainage problems are one of the three types of urban flooding threats listed by Costello in his talks and panel discussions, and drainage is the issue that he is focusing on, he says. “A lot of houses throughout the city flooded from poor drainage infrastructure,” said Costello.
The other two flooding threats, as described by Costello, are riverine (overflowing streams) and tropical events like hurricanes. The Harris County Flood Control District, often working with and funded in part through the US Army Corps of Engineers, is responsible for dealing with riverine flooding.
Then there are the engineering failures, not mentioned by Costello. After the flooding last year and this spring, Facebook was filled with complaints from people in Meyerland and other Brays Bayou communities about recent Rebuild Houston improvement projects that seemed to have caused their houses to flood as well as recently built detention basins that overflowed and flooded their neighborhoods or that didn’t fill at all. And virtually everyone seems to agree, including the mayor’s transition team on Rebuild Houston (see below), that lowering city streets, part of the Rebuild program, was a bad idea.
There are also badly built bridges that cause rushing floodwater to back up. A bridge over Buffalo Bayou downtown was a major cause of the catastrophic flooding of downtown Houston in 1935 that led to the creation of the flood control district. The flood control district’s controversial and much-delayed project known as Project Brays is replacing or modifying 30 bridges on Brays Bayou.
Another problem: an alleged lack of enforcement of runoff regulations against developers. “We as an agency don’t do a good job of making sure it’s done right,” said Costello.
Gray or Green?
Costello was both an obvious and controversial choice for flood resiliency czar.
Founder of Costello Engineering in 1991, Costello is viewed by some as an agent of developers responsible for contributing to flooding problems. His choice signaled that the city’s solutions for flooding might be geared toward costly “gray” engineering and construction programs, including digging out and widening bayous and streams, which is what was recommended by the mayor’s transition report on Rebuild Houston (see page 17), a report authored predominantly by engineers. (Bayous and streams are the responsibility of the flood control district and the Corps of Engineers. Their current practice locally is to dig out and widen bayous and streams.)
A more cost-efficient alternative would be non-structural and “green” approaches. Green approaches include better floodplain management, preservation or restoration of riparian and wetland areas and open spaces and creating room for streams to move and widen naturally, more enlightened and enforced regulation of development, storm water runoff and detention; better public information and preparedness, etc. (See page 7.)
And in fact, Costello did emphasize gray solutions, talking about “the need to get water to the streams as quickly as possible” which requires bigger drainage pipes and of course, bigger streams to receive the faster and bigger flow of storm water through bigger pipes, more water flowing faster downstream.
“I hope you’re going to focus on better detention before digging out and widening our bayous,” commented a woman at the Briar Forest meeting.
“Oh, yes,” Costello assured her. But “we can’t put detention everywhere,” he said. “We don’t have the land.”
Costello is also the author of the unpopular Rebuild Houston program, a pay-as-you-go (as opposed to issuing bonds and borrowing money) drainage improvement program financed in part by charging a fee for the amount of impermeable surface on your city property. That impermeable surface fee seems like a good idea, but that part of the Rebuild Houston program is being challenged in court. And the mayor’s transition report found that Rebuild Houston wasn’t working, for a variety of reasons. FYI, the Rebuild Houston Advisory Committee has public meetings.
But there is no doubt that Costello brings knowledge and experience to the job of flood resiliency chief.
Costello Engineering continues to receive drainage construction contracts from Harris County. But Costello, who chaired the city council’s Flooding and Drainage Committee and was a member of the mayor’s transition team reporting on Public Works and Engineering, sold his interest in the company at the end of 2014 when he ran for mayor, and resigned as president in 2015, though he is still on the board.
Faster or Slower or Both?
There would appear to be a conflict, or at least tension, between some competing and seemingly opposite solutions to urban flooding. Speeding up storm water flow with bigger pipes and bigger and deeper creeks, ditches, and bayous (which seems sort of like the endless and fruitless building of bigger highways for more cars) can overwhelm systems and waterways and send flooding problems downstream. Slowing storm water, temporarily detaining it in detention basins, spreading it out with rougher, more pervious surface, trees and vegetation, can cause flooding in place.
A third way is to raise buildings (current practice) or buyout chronically flood-prone properties and create riparian parklands or open space to allow waterways to overflow and slow down, also allowing the streams to perform their natural, necessary, and legally protected function of cleansing the water, as well as providing wildlife habitat.
However, buyouts are expensive and remove property from the property tax roles. That makes budget-minded officials reluctant to do buyouts. About one-half of the city’s general fund revenue comes from property taxes, which are limited by the city’s revenue cap.
Solutions
One of Costello’s solutions is to develop response teams to inspect where flooding is happening. These teams might be composed of emergency personnel and staff from Community Development, a contractor, a Public Works and Engineering person, he said. “They would determine the best way to react to some of these situations.”
Said Costello, “Each area has a different reason why it’s flooding.”
Remove all concrete and restore all our bayous and streams to their natural state. Better for the environment and better for us. Maybe if Flood Control would stop spending so much money on fertilizing and mowing the grass everywhere and let native trees and plants do their job of absorbing and cleansing the water, they’d find that removing the concrete was more cost effective.
Stop destroying riparian areas and natural biological habitats. We need our wildlife.
This is an excellent comment. Thank you.
An excellent synopsis of recent flooding and how it is being viewed and dealt with as simply a problem of moving water quickly out to the Gulf. Why , even after Houstonians have made clear their preference for green solutions, Costello persists in the old way of thinking is a mystery. What a pity my stepmother, Terry Hershey cannot renew her efforts and help a new generation of environmentalists to protect riparian green space along all our urban waterways. Olive Hershey
There is probably no single solution, all the above may be required. That said, we are currently ignoring the green, buyout solution entirely. While it is expensive, after someone has had 2 or 3 flood events in their house, it is time to give it up. If the city just spent $10-$20 million/year buying up flood-prone properties, especially those in areas where they interfere with the flood-stage flow, we could start making gradual progress so that in 10-20 years, there could be some noticeable improvements.
Excellent idea.
I retired from Houston Public Works and Engineering over 25 yrs. Costello authored Rebuild Houston which isn’t working and you make him Flooding Czar ???!!!! I’ve surveyed ditches, drainage systems all over Houston, dug ditches put in drainage, built streets and maintained everything in city right of ways. There is no plan of action, we keep paying extra fee plus property taxes, there is no worse first list, local drainage projects Houston use to do to fix drainage they don’t do any more, there half doing the jobs. I’ve seen personal waste of millions of dollars bad projects for streets and drainage, even reported but they don’t listen. Engineers can’t tell me more about my community where I live, engineers can also be wrong! I fight with city and county all the time about services and people like me they don’t want to listen but guess what, I’m right and they know I’m right so next thing is excuses of we don’t have the funding.
God, there’s a plethora of contributing factors… rampant construction, much of which clogs drainage systems, of course then also the displacement of flora that would absorb and deflect that flow in the first place.
On the North side, there are a number of ‘newer’ housing developments where everything has been clear cut, the developers have brought in dirt and raised the ground level prior to building.
Cheating on rules, ie: building a subdivision split by a gully or creek, building 1 retention pond on one side to meet the ‘standards’ for total acreage then routing drains on the other side directly to said creek/bayou/gully etc.
Flood control district says it has nothing to do with them, county inspectors claim not their fault…they don’t actually inspect verify all new developments. If flooding of older neighborhoods happens consistently then they’ll condemn the existing homes that flood.
Interesting insights. Thanks.